Human
Anatomy & Physiology II
Lab
Activities
Instructor: Debby Machuca, D.C.
General Sensation
Contrast exteroceptors, interoceptors, and proprioceptors.
Identify the types of stimuli detected by the following sensory nerve endings:
Free nerve Merkel/Hair Plexus Meissner’s
Ruffini Pacinian Muscle Spindles
Golgi Tendon Organs
Perform the temperature, two-point discrimination, tactile localization, and adaptation tests.
Vision
Know and identify the following visual structures on model, diagram, or preserved specimen:
Lacrimal Gland
Nasolacrimal Duct
Palpebrae
Medial & Lateral Canthus
Conjunctiva
Eyelash
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Superior Rectus
Lateral Rectus
Inferior Rectus
Medial Rectus
Superior Oblique
Inferior Oblique
Fibrous Tunic
Sclera
Cornea
Vascular Tunic
Choroid
Ciliary Body
Ciliary Processes
Iris
Pupil
Sensory Tunic
Retina
Opic Disk
Macula Lutea
Fovea Centralis
Lens
Suspensory Ligaments
Aqueous Humor
Vitreous Humor
Scleral Venous Sinus (
Perform and interpret the blind spot, acuity, afterimage, astigmatism, and near point tests.
Understand the function of the papillary reflex and convergence reflex for vision.
Hearing &
Equilibrium
Know and identify the following ear structures on a model or diagram:
Outer Ear
Pinna
Lobule
External Auditory Meatus
Tympanic Membrane
Middle Ear
Tympanic Cavity
Ossicles
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Oval Window
Pharyngotympanic Tube
Inner Ear
Bony Labyrinth
Perilymph
Endolymph
Vestibule
Semi-circular Canals
Cochlea
Cochlear Duct
Scala Vestibuli
Scala Tympani
Round Window
Organ of Corti
Cochlear Nerve
Utricle/Saccule
Know the microscopic anatomy of the Organ of Corti
Basilar Membrane Tectorial Membrane Vestibular Membrane
Scala Media Hair Cells (stereocilia)
Perform and interpret the following hearing test:
Weber Test, and Rinne Test.
Perform and interpret the balance and Romberg Tests.
Olfaction &
Taste
Know and identify the following olfactory and taste structures on a model or diagram:
Olfactory Cells
Cribiform Plate
Ethmoid Bone
Papillae
Filiform
Fungiform
Circumvallate
Perform and interpret the taste and smell tests.
Endocrine Glands
Know and identify the following endocrine structures on a model, diagram, or slide. Also, know the hormones produced by each gland and the hormone’s main function:
Pituitary
Adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis
Infundibulum
Thyroid
Follicles
Parafollicular (“c”) cells
Follicular Cells
Parathyroid
Pancreas
Islets of Langerhans
Arenals
Medulla
Cortex
Zona Glomerosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis
Blood
Know and identify the blood cells from a slide or diagram:
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Platelets
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Perform and interpret the blood tests.
Heart
Know and identify the following heart structures from a model, diagram, or preserved specimen:
Visceral Pericardium
Parietal Pericardium
Fibrous Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Ventricles
Atria
Auricles
Interventricular Septum
Atrioventricular Valves =
Tricuspid & Biscupid/Mitral
Semi-lunar Valves =
Aortic & Pulmonary
Papillary Muscles
Chordae Tendinae
Trabeculae Carneae
Pectinate Muscles
Fossa Ovalis
Pulmonary Trunk
Vena Cava
Aorta
Pulmonary Veins
Right Coronary Artery
Circumflex Artery
Left Coronary Artery
Great Cardiac Vein
Coronary Sinus
Know the pathway of blood through the heart.
Know the location of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart.
Know the components of the pulmonary and systemic circuits of the heart.
Electrocardiography
Perform and interpret an EKG, noting:
P-wave QRS Complex T-wave
Know the intrinsic conduction system:
SA node AV node Bundle of His Bundle Branches
Purkinje Fibers
Blood Vessel
Anatomy
Know the microscope anatomy of a blood vessel using a model, slide, or diagram:
Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica Externa (adventitia)
Lumen
Identify an artery, vein, or capillary by the microscopic anatomy.
Know and identify the following blood vessels on a model or diagram:
Ascending Aorta
Aortic Arch
Descending Aorta
Thoracic Aorta
Abdominal Aorta
Brachiocephalic Artery
Common Carotid Artery
External Carotid Artery
Internal Carotid Artery
Subclavian Artery
Vertebral Artery
Axillary Artery
Brachial Artery
Radial Artery
Ulnar Artery
Pulmonary Artery
Intercostal Artery
Celiac Trunk
Gastric Artery
Splenic Artery
Common Hepatic Artery
Gastroepiploic Artery
Mesenteric Artery
Renal Artery
Common Iliac Artery
Internal Iliac Artery
External Iliac Artery
Femoral Artery
Popliteal Artery
Anterior Tibial Artery
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
Circle of Willis
Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Brachiocephalic Veins
Internal Jugular Vein
External Jugular Vein
Vertebral Vein
Subclavian Vein
Axillary Vein
Brachial Vein
Radial Vein
Ulnar Vein
Cephalic Vein
Basilic Vein
Azygous Vein
Pulmonary Vein
Hepatic Portal Vein
Splenic Vein
Mesenteric Vein
Gastric Vein
Common Iliac Vein
External Iliac Vein
Internal Iliac Vein
Femoral Vein
Great Saphenous Vein
Popliteal Vein
Anterior Tibial Vein
Dorsalis Pedis Vein
Be able to trace the blood flow through the body
Perform and interpret a blood pressure and pulse determination of a patient.
Know and identify the heart sounds and systolic/diastolic readings.
Know the pulse points of the body.
Lymphatic System
Know the pathway of the lymph:
Lymphatic Capillaries Lymphatic Collecting Vessels
Lymphatic Trunks Lymphatic Ducts—Right & Thoracic
Know the location of the major lymph nodes in the body
Know the anatomy of the lymph node on a model, diagram, or slide:
Hilus
Trabeculae
Capsule
Germinal Center
Follicle
Cortex
Medulla
Medullary Sinus
Afferent Vessels
Efferent Vessels
White Pulp
Red Pulp
Splenic Cords
Crypts in tonsils
Tonsils
Exercise 36
Respiratory
Anatomy
Know and identify the follow structures of the respiratory system from a model, diagram, slide, or preserved specimen:
Upper Respiratory Structures
External Nares
Nasal Septum
Nasal Chonchae
Paranasal Sinuses
Hard Palate
Soft Palate
Pharynx (in general)
Nasopharynx
Oropharnyx
Laryngopharnyx
Internal Nares
Tonsils—
Pharyngeal (adenoids)
Lingual
Larynx
Thryroid Cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
Epiglottis
Glottis
Vestibular Folds (false)
Vocal Cord (true)
Artytenoid Cartilages
Lower Respiratory Structures
Trachea
Tracheal Cartilages
Primary Bronchi
Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi
Tertiary (Segmental) Bronchi
Bronchioles
Respiratory Bronchioles
Aveolar Ducts
Alveolus
Respiratory Membrane
Lungs
Lobes
Apex
Cardiac Notch
Fissures
Pleura
Visceral Pleura
Parietal Pleura
Pleural Cavity
Know and explain how inhalation and exhalation occurs.
Contrast the mechanics of quiet breathing and forced breathing.
Know the “spirometry equation:” VC = TV + IRV + ERV
Perform and interpret spirometry (experiment, values, or graphs)—noting:
Tidal Volume (TD)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Expiratory Reserve Voluem (ERV)
Vital Capacity (VC)
Respiratory Rate
Know the relative (normal) volumes for TD and VC and total lung capacity.
Know and explain the chemical equation showing carbon dioxide movement from the tissues into the blood and out the lungs.
Explain how pH affects breathing and why.
Digestive Anatomy
Know the general tunics (layers) and sub-layers to the alimentary canal:
Lumen
Mucosa—w/ surface epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa—w/ circular and longitudinal layers
Adventicia/Serosa—w/ epithelium and areolar connective tissue.
Know the locations where adventitia or serosae are found.
Know and identify the following digestive structures using a model, diagram, slides, or preserved specimen:
Mouth
Labia
Uvula
Tongue w/ papillae
Tonsils (see respiratory system)
Salivary Glands
Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular
Teeth
Incisors
Canines (cuspids)
Pre-molars (biscuspids)
Molars
Crown
Root
Neck
Enamel
Dentin
Gingiva
Periodontal Ligament
Pulp Cavity
Root Canal
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Gastroesophageal Sph.
Cardiac Region
Fundus
Body
Pyloric Region
Pyloric Sphincter
Curvatures—Greater & Lesser
Omentum—Greater & Lesser
Rugae
Gastric Pits & Glands
Surface Epithelium
Mucous Neck Cells
Parietal Cells
Gastric Glands
Chief (zymogenic) Cells
Small Intestine
Duodenum
Duodenal Glands (of
Brunner)
Crypts (of Lieberkuhn) Jejunum
Ileum
Peyer’s Patches
Ileocecal Valve
Hepatopancreatic Ampulla
Major Duodenal Papillae
Hepatopancreatic Sphincter (of
Oddi)
Plicae Circulares
Villi
Goblet Cells
Capillary Bed
Lacteal
Large Intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Ascending
Right Colic (Hepatic) Flexure
Transverse Colon
Left Colic (Splenic) Flexure
Descending
Sigmoid Colon
Rectum
Anus
Internal (involuntary) Sph
External (voluntary) Sph.
Haustra
Teniae Coli
Epiploic Appendages
Liver
Lobes
Falciform Ligament
Common Hepatic Duct
Bile Duct
Cystic Duct
Gall Bladder
Lobules
Pancreas
Tail
Notch
Principal Pancreatic Duct (of
Wirsung)
Accessory Pancreatic Duct (of
Santorini)
Minor Duodenal Papillae
Acinar (exocrine) Tissue
Islets (of Langerhans)
Chemical Digestion
Know the substrates, enzymes, and environmental conditions necessary for chemical digestion of polysaccharids (starch), protein, and fats.
Explain how emulsification, bile salts, boiling, or freezing affects chemical digestion, and why.
Explain how pH change with digestion of proteins and fats, and how this can assist in testing for the digestion of these chemicals.
Lab 40
Urinary Anatomy
Locate and identify the following urinary structures:
Urinary Bladder
Internal Sphincter
External Sphincter
Trigone
Urethra
Meatus
Ureters
Kidney
Capsule
Hilum
Cortex
Medulla
Pyramids
Papilla
Columns
Renal Pelvis
Major Calyx
Minor Calyx
Know and identify the blood vessels and the pathway of blood into and out of the kidney:
Renal Artery Segmental Artery Lobar Artery Interlobar Artery
Arcuate Artery Interlobular Artery Afferent Arteriole Efferent Arteriole
Peritubular Capillary Interlobular Vein Interlobar Vein (Lobar Vein)
(Segmental Vein) Renal Vein
Vasa Recta
Know and identify the structures of a nephron:
Glomerulus Bowman’s Capsule Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
Thin Segment Ascending
Podocytes Renal Corpuscle Juxtaglomerular Cells/Apparatus
Macula Densa
Contrast cortical nephrons with juxtamedullary nephrons.
Urinalysis
Be able to perform and interpret a urinalysis and identify the normal and abnormal components of urine. Also, be able to diagnose conditions from a urine sample—specificially:
Color Turbidity Specific Gravity Glucose Albumin (protein)
Ketones RBCs WBCs Hemoglobin Bilirubin
Urobilinogen Casts Urea Uric Acid Nitrate
Phosphates Sodium Calcium
Lab 42
Know and identify the reproductive structures:
Scrotum
Cremaster Muscle
Testes
Seminiferous Tubule
Rete Testis
Lobule
Septum
Epididymis
Head & Tail
Vas (Ductus) Defrens
Spermatic Cord
Seminal Vesicles
Ejaculatory Duct
Prostate Gland
Urethra
Prostatic
Membraneous
Spongy
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Gland
Penis
Glans
Prepuce (foreskin)
Erectile Tissues
Corpus Spongiosum
Corpora Cavernosa
Urethra
Meatus
Areola
Nipple
Lobes
Lobules
Alveoli
Lactiferous Duct
Lactiferous Sinus
Female:
Vulva
Mons Pubis (Veneris)
Labia Majora
Labia Minora
Vestibule
Perineum
Clitoris
Hymen
Vagina
Uterus
Cervix
Body
Fundus
Endometrium
Myometrium
Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes
Fimbrae
Ovary
Know the pathway that sperm or egg would take on its journey from production until it leaves the body.
Know how the layers of the uterus function in menstruation.
Know the homologous relationship between the male and female reproductive organs.
Physiology of
Reproduction
Know and understand the process of meiosis, specifically about where it occurs, the number of cells made, and the chromosome count of the daughter cells.
Know the following meiosis terms:
Haploid Diploid Tetrad Synapsis Dyad
Sister Chromatids Chromosome Centromere Homologous Pair
Know the steps of spermatogenesis and where/when they occur:
Spermatogonium 1’ Spermatocyte 2’ Spermatocyte Spermatid Sperm
Know how Leydig (interstitial) cells and Sertoli (sustentacular) cells contribute to sperm function.
Know the acrosome, midpiece, and tail of the sperm and their functions.
Know the steps of oogenesis and where/when they occur:
Oogonium 1’ Oocyte 2’ Oocyte Ovum
Primordial Follicle 1’ Follicle Graafian Follicle Granulosa Cells
Polar Bodies Antrum Zona Pellucida
Corpus Luteum Corpus Albicans
Know and identify slides of the uterine cycle and the descriptions of each:
Menstrual Phase Proliferative Phase Secretory Phase
Embryonic
Development
Know the stages of embryonic development:
Fertilization Zygote Cleavage Morula Blastula (Blastocyst)
Implantation Gastrulation Organogenesis
Know the following embryonic structures:
Blastomeres Inner Cell Mass (
Decidua Basalis Decidua Capsularis Chorionic Villi
Placenta Fetal Placenta Maternal Placenta
Yolk Sac Allantois Amnion Amnionic Fluid
Umbilical Cord Umbilical Artery Umbilical Vein
Know the germ tissues and what they form:
Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm
Genetics
Be able to perform monohybrid and dihybrid genetic crosses properly using correct symbols and terminology:
Monohybrid Dihybrid Gamete Genotype Phenotype
F1 F2 P1 Homozygous Heterozygous Dominant Recessive
Sex-Linked Autosome Sex-Chromosome Allele
Complete Dominance Incomplete Dominance